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	<title>Nelson Crafting &#187; 经济</title>
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		<title>跨国企业也许将成为投资热点</title>
		<link>http://nelsonz.info/2011/02/04/%e8%b7%a8%e5%9b%bd%e4%bc%81%e4%b8%9a%e4%b9%9f%e8%ae%b8%e5%b0%86%e6%88%90%e4%b8%ba%e6%8a%95%e8%b5%84%e7%83%ad%e7%82%b9/</link>
		<comments>http://nelsonz.info/2011/02/04/%e8%b7%a8%e5%9b%bd%e4%bc%81%e4%b8%9a%e4%b9%9f%e8%ae%b8%e5%b0%86%e6%88%90%e4%b8%ba%e6%8a%95%e8%b5%84%e7%83%ad%e7%82%b9/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Feb 2011 16:11:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nelson</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[冥想]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经济]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[我认为经济危机后，投资热点将可能重新转移到关注发达国家的跨国企业上。以下简述我的理由。 理由一：旺盛的新兴市场需求经济危机对发展中国家的损害有限。而这些国家的消费者不仅对发达国家产品友好，还有较大的消费潜力。例如根据可口可乐公司的数据，目前中国每年人均消费可口可乐的各种饮料共32瓶/罐，相比香港每年150瓶和美国每年500瓶有巨大的增长空间。而另据欧睿信息咨询公司的数据，中国软饮料市场复合增长率达12.8%。新兴市场将很快成为跨国企业收入的重要来源。 理由二：宽松的货币政策及低廉的融资成本时至今日，主要经济体国家央行仍然坚持宽松的货币政策，发达国家的跨国企业可以利用较低成本的资金进行扩张，为之后在新兴市场的发展做好准备。 理由三：危机时期的兼并创造了新的规模优势金融危机虽然对整个商业体系造成了巨大冲击，但又是一次严酷的优胜劣汰的过程。在这种前提下，大型跨国企业并购小企业，进一步整合了价值链，提高了成本方面的协合效应。 理由四：新兴市场的本地竞争者面临巨大通胀压力由于经济结构与政府干预，发展中国家经济普遍面临巨大通胀压力无从释放，从而通过工资、原材料转移到本地竞争者身上。对于刚刚恢复元气的跨国企业来说无疑是个抢占市场甚至合并竞争对手、改变竞争格局的好机会。 理由五：新兴市场国家对内需的重视为促进经济结构升级、提高本地企业竞争优势，发展中国家通过各种方法促进内需。而这种被刺激出来的内需对于跨国企业来说未尝不是一个机遇。 理由六：更完善的法规体系金融危机的一个副产物就是法律制度的进一步完善。完善的法律体系是投资者信心的重要保证。 理由七：危机时期积累的海外人才资源这一点颇为牵强，但亦可一说。在经济危机期间，美国不少学校都为了创造收入而扩大了招生名额。这样也事实上为跨国企业提供了更多的人才。 理由八：低谷效应，小幅度增长即有很好的增长率及对应的收益率在较低行情时进行投资，投资者将可能在二级市场上受益于之后的复苏与运营的改善。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>我认为经济危机后，投资热点将可能重新转移到关注发达国家的跨国企业上。以下简述我的理由。</p>
<p><strong>理由一：旺盛的新兴市场需求<br /></strong>经济危机对发展中国家的损害有限。而这些国家的消费者不仅对发达国家产品友好，还有较大的消费潜力。例如根据可口可乐公司的数据，目前中国每年人均消费可口可乐的各种饮料共32瓶/罐，相比香港每年150瓶和美国每年500瓶有巨大的增长空间。而另据欧睿信息咨询公司的数据，中国软饮料市场复合增长率达12.8%。新兴市场将很快成为跨国企业收入的重要来源。</p>
<p><strong>理由二：宽松的货币政策及低廉的融资成本<br /></strong>时至今日，主要经济体国家央行仍然坚持宽松的货币政策，发达国家的跨国企业可以利用较低成本的资金进行扩张，为之后在新兴市场的发展做好准备。</p>
<p><strong>理由三：危机时期的兼并创造了新的规模优势<br /></strong>金融危机虽然对整个商业体系造成了巨大冲击，但又是一次严酷的优胜劣汰的过程。在这种前提下，大型跨国企业并购小企业，进一步整合了价值链，提高了成本方面的协合效应。</p>
<p><strong>理由四：新兴市场的本地竞争者面临巨大通胀压力<br /></strong>由于经济结构与政府干预，发展中国家经济普遍面临巨大通胀压力无从释放，从而通过工资、原材料转移到本地竞争者身上。对于刚刚恢复元气的跨国企业来说无疑是个抢占市场甚至合并竞争对手、改变竞争格局的好机会。</p>
<p><strong>理由五：新兴市场国家对内需的重视<br /></strong>为促进经济结构升级、提高本地企业竞争优势，发展中国家通过各种方法促进内需。而这种被刺激出来的内需对于跨国企业来说未尝不是一个机遇。</p>
<p><strong>理由六：更完善的法规体系<br /></strong>金融危机的一个副产物就是法律制度的进一步完善。完善的法律体系是投资者信心的重要保证。</p>
<p><strong>理由七：危机时期积累的海外人才资源<br /></strong>这一点颇为牵强，但亦可一说。在经济危机期间，美国不少学校都为了创造收入而扩大了招生名额。这样也事实上为跨国企业提供了更多的人才。</p>
<p><strong>理由八：低谷效应，小幅度增长即有很好的增长率及对应的收益率<br /></strong>在较低行情时进行投资，投资者将可能在二级市场上受益于之后的复苏与运营的改善。</p>
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		<title>怎样让穷人多一些钱？其实你可以给他们一些</title>
		<link>http://nelsonz.info/2009/05/25/%e6%80%8e%e6%a0%b7%e8%ae%a9%e7%a9%b7%e4%ba%ba%e5%a4%9a%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e9%92%b1%ef%bc%9f%e5%85%b6%e5%ae%9e%e4%bd%a0%e5%8f%af%e4%bb%a5%e7%bb%99%e4%bb%96%e4%bb%ac%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b/</link>
		<comments>http://nelsonz.info/2009/05/25/%e6%80%8e%e6%a0%b7%e8%ae%a9%e7%a9%b7%e4%ba%ba%e5%a4%9a%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e9%92%b1%ef%bc%9f%e5%85%b6%e5%ae%9e%e4%bd%a0%e5%8f%af%e4%bb%a5%e7%bb%99%e4%bb%96%e4%bb%ac%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 24 May 2009 16:53:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nelson</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[翻译]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经济]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nelsonz.info/2009/05/25/%e6%80%8e%e6%a0%b7%e8%ae%a9%e7%a9%b7%e4%ba%ba%e5%a4%9a%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e9%92%b1%ef%bc%9f%e5%85%b6%e5%ae%9e%e4%bd%a0%e5%8f%af%e4%bb%a5%e7%bb%99%e4%bb%96%e4%bb%ac%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[作者：Laura Freschi 译者：nelson 链接：http://blogs.nyu.edu/fas/dri/aidwatch/2009/05/how_to_help_the_poor_have_more.html 2007年时，赞比亚西方省遭遇了罕见的洪水，当地一些民众失去了他们的家园、牲畜和庄稼。美国国际开发署（USAID）的灾难救助办公室参与了救援，其中包括提供价值28万美元的种子、化肥、农民培训和紧急援助物资。 两个在赞比亚工作的非政府组织（NGO）英国乐施会（Oxfam GB） 和“关注世界”组织（Concern Worldwide）尝试了一种不同的方式：他们直接向受灾家庭派发装有25至50美元现金的信封，并对这些钱的使用不加限制。一份评估报告发现，一些关于现金资助（cash transfer）这种方式所带来后果的疑虑并未出现——其中包括派发现金可能会导致市场通货膨胀、金钱可能被滥用、或者家族中的男性可能控制这些金钱。 人们用这些钱买了什么？清单中包括玉米、豆子、盐、食用油、肉、蔬菜、衣物和毯子、石蜡、交通运输、肥皂和浴液，以及其他常见的家用物品。他们中还有的把这些钱出借给他们的朋友，或者还债、支付医疗费用、教育和运输，以及重建房屋。只有非常少的一部分钱（少于0.5%）花在了“非生产性”项目上，例如男性去购买酒类。 无条件的现金资助计划既快捷又有效。它不需要支付技术专家的薪水，没有跨洋运输美国生产的食物补助的成本，而且更多的金钱可以直接交给接受者（例如在“关注世界”计划中，27%的金钱用于计划的行政费用，剩下的73%则分配给现金资助计划）。 现金资助计划也注意到，即便没有外面那些拿着需求评估一览表的专家们的帮助，穷人们也有能力做出很好的经济决策。一份关于另一个乐施会在越南进行的现金资助计划的评估报告（点击这里查看摘要）发现村民们做出了颇为复杂的投资决策，即决定投资种子和化肥、家族棺材及坟墓、奶牛和水牛、家庭装修、债务偿还，以及/或者社区公路。 正如Duflo和Banerjee在他们的《关于穷人经济生活的研究》（study on the economic lives of the poor）中所写的那样，富人时常以为穷人花钱方式的选择比较少。而这一观念也使救助机构把自己定位成穷人的家长式决策者的角色。然而Duflo和Banerjee注意到，生存方面的花费占用得很少，而且“穷人的确认为自己有很多的选择”（the “poor do see themselves as having a significant amount of choice.”）。 这些研究也指出，现金资助有很多潜在的缺陷。派发大量现金会带来另外一些物流方面的障碍，也会招致盗窃或者腐败。另外，如果这种方法使得妇女和儿童成为弱势群体，而男性控制并花费了这些现金，那么会带来什么样的后果呢？一些可以改进的方面包括针对正确的人群，为民众提供更好的工具（例如金融培训和储蓄账户）帮助他们更好的运用这些现金。由Innovations for Poverty Action和Poverty Action Lab at MIT在摩洛哥和印度尼西亚（均仍在进行中）进行的两个研究可以进一步阐明何时以及怎样进行现金资助才能最有效（参见由英国的海外发展协会（Overseas &#8230; <a href="http://nelsonz.info/2009/05/25/%e6%80%8e%e6%a0%b7%e8%ae%a9%e7%a9%b7%e4%ba%ba%e5%a4%9a%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b%e9%92%b1%ef%bc%9f%e5%85%b6%e5%ae%9e%e4%bd%a0%e5%8f%af%e4%bb%a5%e7%bb%99%e4%bb%96%e4%bb%ac%e4%b8%80%e4%ba%9b/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>作者：Laura Freschi    <br />译者：nelson     <br />链接：<a href="http://blogs.nyu.edu/fas/dri/aidwatch/2009/05/how_to_help_the_poor_have_more.html" target="_blank">http://blogs.nyu.edu/fas/dri/aidwatch/2009/05/how_to_help_the_poor_have_more.html</a></p>
<p>2007年时，赞比亚西方省遭遇了罕见的洪水，当地一些民众失去了他们的家园、牲畜和庄稼。美国国际开发署（USAID）的灾难救助办公室<a href="http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/countries/zambia/template/index.html">参与了救援</a>，其中包括提供价值28万美元的种子、化肥、农民培训和紧急援助物资。</p>
<p>两个在赞比亚工作的非政府组织（NGO）<a href="http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/countries/zambia.html">英国乐施会（Oxfam GB）</a> 和<a href="http://www.concern.net/where-we-work/africa/zambia">“关注世界”组织（Concern Worldwide）</a>尝试了一种不同的方式：他们直接向受灾家庭派发装有25至50美元现金的信封，并对这些钱的使用不加限制。一份<a href="http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/countries/downloads/zambia_cash_transfers_200805.pdf">评估报告</a>发现，一些关于现金资助（cash transfer）这种方式所带来后果的疑虑并未出现——其中包括派发现金可能会导致市场通货膨胀、金钱可能被滥用、或者家族中的男性可能控制这些金钱。</p>
<p>人们用这些钱买了什么？清单中包括玉米、豆子、盐、食用油、肉、蔬菜、衣物和毯子、石蜡、交通运输、肥皂和浴液，以及其他常见的家用物品。他们中还有的把这些钱出借给他们的朋友，或者还债、支付医疗费用、教育和运输，以及重建房屋。只有非常少的一部分钱（少于0.5%）花在了“非生产性”项目上，例如男性去购买酒类。</p>
<p>无条件的现金资助计划既快捷又有效。它不需要支付技术专家的薪水，没有跨洋运输<a href="http://blogs.nyu.edu/fas/dri/aidwatch/2009/02/unsung_hero_resurrects_us_tied.html">美国生产的</a><a href="http://www.oxfamamerica.org/whatwedo/campaigns/aid_reform/news_publications/Tied-Aid-AidNow-FactSheet.pdf">食物补助</a>的成本，而且更多的金钱可以直接交给接受者（例如在“关注世界”计划中，27%的金钱用于计划的行政费用，剩下的73%则分配给现金资助计划）。</p>
<p>现金资助计划也注意到，即便没有外面那些拿着需求评估一览表的专家们的帮助，穷人们也有能力做出很好的经济决策。一份关于另一个乐施会在越南进行的现金资助计划的评估报告（点击<a href="http://www.oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/?p=226">这里</a>查看摘要）发现村民们做出了颇为复杂的投资决策，即决定投资种子和化肥、家族棺材及坟墓、奶牛和水牛、家庭装修、债务偿还，以及/或者社区公路。</p>
<p>正如Duflo和Banerjee在他们的<a href="http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/530">《关于穷人经济生活的研究》（study on the economic lives of the poor）</a>中所写的那样，富人时常以为穷人花钱方式的选择比较少。而这一观念也使救助机构把自己定位成穷人的家长式决策者的角色。然而Duflo和Banerjee注意到，生存方面的花费占用得很少，而且“穷人的确认为自己有很多的选择”（the “poor do see themselves as having a significant amount of choice.”）。</p>
<p>这些研究也指出，现金资助有很多潜在的缺陷。派发大量现金会带来另外一些物流方面的障碍，也会招致盗窃或者腐败。另外，如果这种方法使得妇女和儿童成为弱势群体，而男性控制并花费了这些现金，那么会带来什么样的后果呢？一些可以改进的方面包括针对正确的人群，为民众提供更好的工具（例如金融培训和储蓄账户）帮助他们更好的运用这些现金。由<a href="http://poverty-action.org/">Innovations for Poverty Action</a>和<a href="http://www.povertyactionlab.org/">Poverty Action Lab at MIT</a>在摩洛哥和印度尼西亚（均仍在进行中）进行的两个研究可以进一步阐明何时以及怎样进行现金资助才能最有效（参见由英国的海外发展协会（Overseas Development Institute）整理的<a href="http://www.odi.org.uk/projects/useful-links.asp?id=875&amp;title=cash-vouchers-emergencies&amp;filter=all">研究</a>）。</p>
<p>当美国国际开发署为洪灾灾民提供毯子、种子及化肥时，他们在尽力替灾民决定咱民最紧要的需求是什么。而有了现金资助，这些人可以自己决定如何满足他们最紧要的需求。这给那些失去了生计、财物或爱的人们一种全新的把握自己生命的感受，也给予了他们金钱管理方面的技能，并且重新赋予了他们做出经济决策的能力。如果你是他们，你更喜欢哪种？</p>
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		<title>亚当斯密与Web 2.0</title>
		<link>http://nelsonz.info/2009/05/15/%e4%ba%9a%e5%bd%93%e6%96%af%e5%af%86%e4%b8%8eweb-20/</link>
		<comments>http://nelsonz.info/2009/05/15/%e4%ba%9a%e5%bd%93%e6%96%af%e5%af%86%e4%b8%8eweb-20/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2009 10:07:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nelson</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[翻译]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经济]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://nelsonz.info/2009/05/15/%e4%ba%9a%e5%bd%93%e6%96%af%e5%af%86%e4%b8%8eweb-20/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[作者：Nicholas Gruen 译者：nelsonz 链接：http://clubtroppo.com.au/2009/05/01/adam-smith-and-web-20/ 当Ross Gittins让我在他出差时代他写些专栏文章时，我同意了并且很快就意识到刚好赶上了《道德情操论》（The Theory of Moral Sentiments）出版二百五十周年。因此我决定要写出两篇专栏，算是穿插导引亚当斯密和他的道德情操论了。 第一篇发表于几周前，第二篇发表在今天的SMH上和Age上。 历史总和我们开玩笑。真正的互联网革命是从互联网泡沫破灭之后开始的。还有个经济学家，他的理论体系在很大程度上推动了关于互联网革命的思考，他不是别人，正是亚当斯密；而他早在二百多年前就开辟了经济学。 互联网的蓬勃发展包括公司使用网络向顾客广播——正如电视上的广告那样——或者使销售过程自动化：例如，顾客可以在网上预订机票或订购图书。今天的Web 2.0，或者说协作网络，使志愿者大军得以创建一个更好的世界。一些人在构建、分发公共产品，例如开源软件（Linux和Firefox）以及参考资源（Wikipedia）。其他人则在博客上提供了精辟的分析和评论，他们往往可以超越专业的记者。还有一些，例如Facebook，将臭味相投的人们联系在一起。 这些现象很难用经济学家的标准理论体系来解释，在这种标准理论体系下，所有的经济决策者都被简化为一种在商业上称之为“经济人”（Homo economicus）的理想情况。经济人是纯粹而精明的自我主义者，以自己的利润或功利（utility）最优化为目标，而不考虑其他个体的看法或行为（除非对经济人实现目标有用）。 经济人假设可能无法解释我们看哪部电影或与我们与谁交往。但一个理论的任务就是要强调现实的某些方面——而途径就是弱化其他方面。当你投资或为汽车、房屋讨价还价时，你可能就在努力实践经济人的概念。 然而这里还是有些东西是严重错误的。我们是具有社会比较性的生物。我们非常在意我们周围人的行为、观点和价值，通过和他们比较来决定我们需要什么或以什么为价值，以及我们想要或需要多么富有。至于我们经济的细微方面，从雇员的激励到Web 2.0带来的那些美妙东西，经济人假设似乎和这些东西不太搭界。 上个月刚好是亚当斯密的道德情操论面世二百五十周年；他把这本书当作他之后经济理论的一个理论基础。亚当斯密认为，我们出生时带有一种模糊的、初步的自我主义——经济婴儿，如果你喜欢这样叫的话。但亚当斯密也注意到了之后的过程会深化、转化我们，我们现在称之为社会化。 我们从我们绝对依赖的家庭中学习，比如有些事情可以赢得他们的认可和赞赏，而其他的会得到他们的反对甚至厌恶。我们对认同的渴望和对反对的恐惧，以及我们通过设身处地理解他人的能力，把我们带入了一生一世的、辩证的人间戏剧。 在现代经济学中，权力、声望或财富的吸引力，仅仅是渴望更多。亚当斯密更为丰富的心理学提供了一个更合理的解释。“世间的辛劳奔忙究竟有何所求？”亚当斯密问道。人们隐藏在贪婪和野心背后的动机究竟是什么？ 是供给自然之需吗？最低薄的劳资就可以供给了。得到注意、同情、得意、认可，这些都是我们打算从中得到的好处。是虚荣心，而非吸引我们的安逸或快乐。 亚当斯密在人际交往方面是利己主义的支持者，但较之一般的看法，是以一种更丰富、更有趣的方式。在亚当斯密关注利己主义重要性的同时，他还认为公共财产是利己主义成为社会建设性力量的前提。在经济中，看不见的手仅在和平的、守法的并有激烈而自由的竞争的社会中发挥作用。 在更为普遍的社会中，个人利益成为了丰盛的伦理大餐，而非经济人的道德饥荒的自我主义。我们自然的社会性丰富并教育了我们的利己主义。通过渴望得到尊重和想象别人如何看待我们，我们获得了一些关于我们自己道德价值的客观评价。而随着我们努力争取我们所渴望的受尊重的价值，这最终成为了趋向美德的动力（尽管作为凡夫俗子我们当然会在前进的路上遇到障碍）。 Web 2.0是扩大了人类社交的范围，开启了表达个人利益的新展望。更何况追求利益仅仅是利己主义众多表现中的一个。 从某种程度上来说，我们在Web 2.0上表达的利己主义的方式既是全新的，也是古老的——像人性那样古老。我们当中的成千上万人为什么要写博客？原因和我们说话、写email、短信、即时聊天和书写的原因一样（你还记得它们么？）。我们之所以做这些事，就是为了与其他可能理解我们的人交流感情、想法、需要和经历。他们甚至可能会回信！无论这是语言本身的演变，还是文化和社会上更多事物的演变，人们之间类似的交流建立起共享意义和理解的群体。 就算是亚当斯密关于市场的描述也是社会化的——他认为人类在讨价还价背后最根本的动机就是我们互相都要劝说对方按照自己的方式来看问题。亚当斯密一定可以理解一个早期Web 2.0信条的奠基理念，《线车宣言》（The Cluetrain Manifesto）——“市场即会话”。 随着Web 2.0生根发芽，它的居民们开始追求他们的利益，就像亚当斯密国富论（Wealth of Nations）中的商人一样，在博客上发布和评论，创作和交换程序代码，把所有人的内容混合在一起，根据社交和实际需要建立连接。有些连接服务于实际需求——也许他们需要修正一些软件漏洞。另外一些则是“万事通”们在证明他们无比的知识量。还有一些则是表达他们对某一主题的热爱。 正如健康市场上商人的利己主义服务于公益这个奇迹一样，网络的新炼金术将个人力量整合为自由可用的公共财产。同时这种难以控制的动机的混合让我们看到一个更好的自我。借用亚当斯密关于野心心理的描述，它诱惑我们追寻一个人类感情的安逸国，而这又是一个暗示，要我们去追寻一个更加遥远和艰难的归宿——美德。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>作者：Nicholas Gruen    <br />译者：nelsonz     <br />链接：<a title="http://clubtroppo.com.au/2009/05/01/adam-smith-and-web-20/" href="http://clubtroppo.com.au/2009/05/01/adam-smith-and-web-20/">http://clubtroppo.com.au/2009/05/01/adam-smith-and-web-20/</a></p>
<p>当Ross Gittins让我在他出差时代他写些专栏文章时，我同意了并且很快就意识到刚好赶上了《道德情操论》（The Theory of Moral Sentiments）出版二百五十周年。因此我决定要写出两篇专栏，算是穿插导引亚当斯密和他的道德情操论了。</p>
<p>第一篇发表于<a href="http://clubtroppo.com.au/2009/04/11/the-theory-of-moral-sentiments-happy-250th-birthday/">几周前</a>，第二篇发表在今天的<a href="http://business.smh.com.au/business/all-hail-brave-new-world-of-web-20-20090501-aq7p.html?page=2">SMH</a>上和<a href="http://business.theage.com.au/business/weaving-a-web-that-intrigues-20090501-aq8h.html?page=-1">Age</a>上。</p>
<blockquote><p>历史总和我们开玩笑。真正的互联网革命是从互联网泡沫破灭之后开始的。还有个经济学家，他的理论体系在很大程度上推动了关于互联网革命的思考，他不是别人，正是亚当斯密；而他早在二百多年前就开辟了经济学。</p>
<p>互联网的蓬勃发展包括公司使用网络向顾客广播——正如电视上的广告那样——或者使销售过程自动化：例如，顾客可以在网上预订机票或订购图书。今天的Web 2.0，或者说协作网络，使志愿者大军得以创建一个更好的世界。一些人在构建、分发公共产品，例如开源软件（Linux和Firefox）以及参考资源（Wikipedia）。其他人则在博客上提供了精辟的分析和评论，他们往往可以超越专业的记者。还有一些，例如Facebook，将臭味相投的人们联系在一起。</p>
<p>这些现象很难用经济学家的标准理论体系来解释，在这种标准理论体系下，所有的经济决策者都被简化为一种在商业上称之为<i>“经济人”（Homo economicus）</i>的理想情况。<i>经济人</i>是纯粹而精明的自我主义者，以自己的利润或功利（utility）最优化为目标，而不考虑其他个体的看法或行为（除非对经济人实现目标有用）。</p>
<p><i>经济人</i>假设可能无法解释我们看哪部电影或与我们与谁交往。但一个理论的任务就是要强调现实的某些方面——而途径就是弱化其他方面。当你投资或为汽车、房屋讨价还价时，你可能就在努力实践<i>经济人</i>的概念。</p>
<p>然而这里还是有些东西是严重错误的。我们是具有社会比较性的生物。我们非常在意我们周围人的行为、观点和价值，通过和他们比较来决定我们需要什么或以什么为价值，以及我们想要或需要多么富有。至于我们经济的细微方面，从雇员的激励到Web 2.0带来的那些美妙东西，<i>经济人</i>假设似乎和这些东西不太搭界。</p>
<p>上个月刚好是亚当斯密的<i>道德情操论</i>面世二百五十周年；他把这本书当作他之后经济理论的一个理论基础。亚当斯密认为，我们出生时带有一种模糊的、初步的自我主义——<i>经济婴儿</i>，如果你喜欢这样叫的话。但亚当斯密也注意到了之后的过程会深化、转化我们，我们现在称之为社会化。</p>
<p>我们从我们绝对依赖的家庭中学习，比如有些事情可以赢得他们的认可和赞赏，而其他的会得到他们的反对甚至厌恶。我们对认同的渴望和对反对的恐惧，以及我们通过设身处地理解他人的能力，把我们带入了一生一世的、辩证的人间戏剧。</p>
<p>在现代经济学中，权力、声望或财富的吸引力，仅仅是渴望更多。亚当斯密更为丰富的心理学提供了一个更合理的解释。“世间的辛劳奔忙究竟有何所求？”亚当斯密问道。人们隐藏在贪婪和野心背后的动机究竟是什么？</p>
<p>是供给自然之需吗？最低薄的劳资就可以供给了。得到注意、同情、得意、认可，这些都是我们打算从中得到的好处。是虚荣心，而非吸引我们的安逸或快乐。</p>
<p>亚当斯密在人际交往方面是利己主义的支持者，但较之一般的看法，是以一种更丰富、更有趣的方式。在亚当斯密关注利己主义重要性的同时，他还认为公共财产是利己主义成为社会建设性力量的前提。在经济中，看不见的手仅在和平的、守法的并有激烈而自由的竞争的社会中发挥作用。</p>
<p>在更为普遍的社会中，个人利益成为了丰盛的伦理大餐，而非<i>经济人</i>的道德饥荒的自我主义。我们自然的社会性丰富并教育了我们的利己主义。通过渴望得到尊重和想象别人如何看待我们，我们获得了一些关于我们自己道德价值的客观评价。而随着我们努力争取我们所渴望的受尊重的价值，这最终成为了趋向美德的动力（尽管作为凡夫俗子我们当然会在前进的路上遇到障碍）。</p>
<p>Web 2.0是扩大了人类社交的范围，开启了表达个人利益的新展望。更何况追求利益仅仅是利己主义众多表现中的一个。</p>
<p>从某种程度上来说，我们在Web 2.0上表达的利己主义的方式既是全新的，也是古老的——像人性那样古老。我们当中的成千上万人为什么要写博客？原因和我们说话、写email、短信、即时聊天和书写的原因一样（你还记得它们么？）。我们之所以做这些事，就是为了与其他可能理解我们的人交流感情、想法、需要和经历。他们甚至可能会回信！无论这是语言本身的演变，还是文化和社会上更多事物的演变，人们之间类似的交流建立起共享意义和理解的群体。</p>
<p>就算是亚当斯密关于市场的描述也是社会化的——他认为人类在讨价还价背后最根本的动机就是我们互相都要劝说对方按照自己的方式来看问题。亚当斯密一定可以理解一个早期Web 2.0信条的奠基理念，《线车宣言》（The Cluetrain Manifesto）——“市场即会话”。</p>
<p>随着Web 2.0生根发芽，它的居民们开始追求他们的利益，就像亚当斯密<i>国富论（Wealth of Nations）</i>中的商人一样，在博客上发布和评论，创作和交换程序代码，把所有人的内容混合在一起，根据社交和实际需要建立连接。有些连接服务于实际需求——也许他们需要修正一些软件漏洞。另外一些则是“万事通”们在证明他们无比的知识量。还有一些则是表达他们对某一主题的热爱。</p>
<p>正如健康市场上商人的利己主义服务于公益这个奇迹一样，网络的新炼金术将个人力量整合为自由可用的公共财产。同时这种难以控制的动机的混合让我们看到一个更好的自我。借用亚当斯密关于野心心理的描述，它诱惑我们追寻一个人类感情的安逸国，而这又是一个暗示，要我们去追寻一个更加遥远和艰难的归宿——美德。</p>
</blockquote>
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		<title>全球化是何时开始的？</title>
		<link>http://nelsonz.info/2009/04/02/%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83%e5%8c%96%e6%98%af%e4%bd%95%e6%97%b6%e5%bc%80%e5%a7%8b%e7%9a%84%ef%bc%9f/</link>
		<comments>http://nelsonz.info/2009/04/02/%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83%e5%8c%96%e6%98%af%e4%bd%95%e6%97%b6%e5%bc%80%e5%a7%8b%e7%9a%84%ef%bc%9f/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 2009 05:18:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nelson</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[翻译]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经济]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://zhaonc.72pines.com/2009/04/02/%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83%e5%8c%96%e6%98%af%e4%bd%95%e6%97%b6%e5%bc%80%e5%a7%8b%e7%9a%84%ef%bc%9f/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[作者：Dani Rodrik 译者：nelson 链接：http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2009/04/when-did-globalization-begin.html 是20世纪90年代跨国金融爆发时开始的吗？是20世纪50年代布雷顿森林协定和它的机构（关税暨贸易总协定和国际货币基金组织）建立时开始的吗？是19世纪经典的金本位制时开始的吗？是17世纪特许经营贸易公司在全世界运送从奴隶到香料的一切东西时开始的吗？还是公元1000年左右时横跨大陆的胡椒、马匹、丝绸、纺织品贸易时开始的？ 以上全对；以上全不对。越仔细看历史，越难以确定一个明确的全球化的转折点。（全球化的倒退——例如拿破仑战争时期或者20世纪两次世界大战的间期——倒是很容易确认。）其实即便是今天，世界经济仍然远没有我们以为的那样全球化——至少从经济学家用于衡量市场整合（market integration）的码尺，全球市场价格趋同度（degree of price convergence across national markets）来看是这样的。例如可以看看我的同事Robert Lawrence的估计。 传统观点认为，第一期全球化始于19世纪——即英国1846年废止谷物法（Corn Laws）及金本位制的传播。本文的标题来源于Kevin O&#8217;Rourke和Jeffrey Williamson的一篇文章，他们指出，尽管新大陆发现促使洲际贸易急速增加、特许经营贸易公司的建立和大西洋奴隶贸易，19世纪以前全球价格趋同性非常有限（Europ. Rev. Econ. Hist., 2002）。19世纪造成变革的因素不仅仅是自由化与更激烈的竞争，还有O&#8217;Rourke和Williamson所谓的运输革命——远洋航运成本的显著下降。而结果正如O&#8217;Rourke和Williamson之后的一篇文章中的表格显示的那样，贸易增长率提高了两倍多： 但最近一篇论文使这个问题复杂化了。于2009年发表在同一本期刊（Europ. Rev. Econ. Hist.）上的一篇文章里，Klas Rönnbäck指出19世纪以前也许在不少商品市场上都有显著的价格趋同。不过依我看来，他所展示的证据并不非常有力，因为他过于关注价格的绝对差，而非相对差（百分比）。当价格随时间变化时，前者并不是一个很好的标准。 例如，下图是糖价的图表： 第一眼看上去，这幅图似乎显示17世纪后半叶有明显的价格趋同，但这仅仅是这段时期糖价普遍下降造成的幻觉。若纵轴使用对数轴，就会更加容易看了。但不管怎样，Rönnbäck提出了对19世纪全球化观点的质疑。 有两个启示。第一，尽管看起来很荒唐，不过刚刚过去的半个世纪与过去相比并没有量的飞跃：我们很久以来就是如此了，也许感觉上强烈一些罢了。 第二，在没有战争的情况下，我们不大可能看到全球化的大幅逆转。经济全球化已经持续很久很久了，就算是2008年的经济崩溃也不至于使全球化出轨、停滞。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>作者：Dani Rodrik   <br />译者：nelson    <br />链接：<a title="http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2009/04/when-did-globalization-begin.html" href="http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2009/04/when-did-globalization-begin.html">http://rodrik.typepad.com/dani_rodriks_weblog/2009/04/when-did-globalization-begin.html</a></p>
<p>是20世纪90年代跨国金融爆发时开始的吗？是20世纪50年代布雷顿森林协定和它的机构（关税暨贸易总协定和国际货币基金组织）建立时开始的吗？是19世纪经典的金本位制时开始的吗？是17世纪特许经营贸易公司在全世界运送从奴隶到香料的一切东西时开始的吗？还是公元1000年左右时横跨大陆的胡椒、马匹、丝绸、纺织品贸易时开始的？</p>
<p>以上全对；以上全不对。越仔细看历史，越难以确定一个明确的全球化的转折点。（全球化的倒退——例如拿破仑战争时期或者20世纪两次世界大战的间期——倒是很容易确认。）其实即便是今天，世界经济仍然远没有我们以为的那样全球化——至少从经济学家用于衡量市场整合（market integration）的码尺，全球市场价格趋同度（degree of price convergence across national markets）来看是这样的。例如可以看看我的同事Robert Lawrence的<a href="http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/349/3iie3497.pdf" target="_blank">估计</a>。</p>
<p>传统观点认为，第一期全球化始于19世纪——即英国1846年废止谷物法（Corn Laws）及金本位制的传播。本文的标题来源于Kevin O&#8217;Rourke和Jeffrey Williamson的一篇文章，他们指出，尽管新大陆发现促使洲际贸易急速增加、特许经营贸易公司的建立和大西洋奴隶贸易，19世纪以前全球价格趋同性非常有限（Europ. Rev. Econ. Hist., 2002）。19世纪造成变革的因素不仅仅是自由化与更激烈的竞争，还有O&#8217;Rourke和Williamson所谓的运输革命——远洋航运成本的显著下降。而结果正如O&#8217;Rourke和Williamson之后的一篇文章中的表格显示的那样，贸易增长率提高了两倍多：</p>
<p><a href="http://rodrik.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c891753ef01156eb9fa0d970c-pi"><img border="0" alt="image" src="http://rodrik.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c891753ef01156eb9fa1d970c-pi" width="443" height="207" /></a></p>
<p>但最近一篇论文使这个问题复杂化了。于2009年发表在同一本期刊（Europ. Rev. Econ. Hist.）上的一篇文章里，Klas Rönnbäck指出19世纪以前也许在不少商品市场上都有显著的价格趋同。不过依我看来，他所展示的证据并不非常有力，因为他过于关注价格的绝对差，而非相对差（百分比）。当价格随时间变化时，前者并不是一个很好的标准。</p>
<p>例如，下图是糖价的图表：</p>
<p><a href="http://rodrik.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c891753ef01156fb3c6b5970b-pi"><img border="0" alt="image" src="http://rodrik.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c891753ef01156eb9fa3c970c-pi" width="442" height="259" /></a></p>
<p>第一眼看上去，这幅图似乎显示17世纪后半叶有明显的价格趋同，但这仅仅是这段时期糖价普遍下降造成的幻觉。若纵轴使用对数轴，就会更加容易看了。但不管怎样，Rönnbäck提出了对19世纪全球化观点的质疑。 </p>
<p>有两个启示。第一，尽管看起来很荒唐，不过刚刚过去的半个世纪与过去相比并没有量的飞跃：我们很久以来就是如此了，也许感觉上强烈一些罢了。</p>
<p>第二，在没有战争的情况下，我们不大可能看到全球化的大幅逆转。经济全球化已经持续很久很久了，就算是2008年的经济崩溃也不至于使全球化出轨、停滞。</p>
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			<wfw:commentRss>http://nelsonz.info/2009/04/02/%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83%e5%8c%96%e6%98%af%e4%bd%95%e6%97%b6%e5%bc%80%e5%a7%8b%e7%9a%84%ef%bc%9f/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<title>斯蒂格利茨：奥巴马的伪资本主义</title>
		<link>http://nelsonz.info/2009/04/01/%e6%96%af%e8%92%82%e6%a0%bc%e5%88%a9%e8%8c%a8%ef%bc%9a%e5%a5%a5%e5%b7%b4%e9%a9%ac%e7%9a%84%e4%bc%aa%e8%b5%84%e6%9c%ac%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89/</link>
		<comments>http://nelsonz.info/2009/04/01/%e6%96%af%e8%92%82%e6%a0%bc%e5%88%a9%e8%8c%a8%ef%bc%9a%e5%a5%a5%e5%b7%b4%e9%a9%ac%e7%9a%84%e4%bc%aa%e8%b5%84%e6%9c%ac%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2009 14:30:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nelson</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[翻译]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经济]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[作者：Joseph Stiglitz（Mark Thoma发布于Economist&#8217;s View） 译者：nelson 链接：http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2009/04/stiglitz-obamas-ersatz-capitalism.html Joseph Stiglitz并不认同盖特纳的银行拯救方案： 纽约时报上约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨的评论：《Obama的伪资本主义（Ersatz Capitalism）》：奥巴马政府用于解决美国问题银行的五千亿美元……的前提是市场决定银行“有毒资产”的价格。然而实际上市场不会去决定这些有毒资产本身的价格，而会决定期权的价格。 这两者之间没什么关系。从实际效果角度来讲，政府的计划实际上要保证几乎所有损失。这和一个买期权完全一样。 根据财政部长蒂莫西·盖特纳的计划，政府将会提供购买那些资产的92%的资金，但只接收50%的收益，并吸收几乎所有的损失。多棒的合作！…… 但美国人可能要损失更多……原因就是所谓的逆向选择（adverse selection）效应。银行从而选择那些他们希望卖的贷款和证券。他们想卖最差的那些资产，尤其是那些……市场……愿意付很多钱买的资产。但市场有可能发现它，从而降低它的价格……只有政府承担足够多的损失才可以克服这种“逆向选择”效应。 最大的问题不是偿债能力不足。……真正的问题是银行做了不良贷款……他们损失了他们的资本，而这些资本必须被替换。 支付这些资产的公平市场价值（fair market value）并不会奏效。只有超额支付才能使银行获得足够的资本。但是超额支付直接就会造成政府的损失。换句话说，只有纳税人损失，盖特纳计划才可以发挥作用。 有些美国人担心政府也许会临时“国有化”这些银行……然而奥巴马政府正在做的可比国有化糟糕多了：这是伪资本主义，即利润私有化而损失社会化[收益由某些人获取而损失却由社会共同承担]。这种所谓的“合作”里面实际上是一方在抢劫另外一方。…… 那么这种计划吸引人的地方在哪呢？也许是因为它是华尔街钟意的那种鲁布·戈德堡机器[以复杂方法完成一些简单低级工作的精密机械]——精妙、复杂而且不透明，把无数财富转移到金融市场上。它使政府无须再回到国会讨要修整银行的资金，而且它还给出了一个避免国有化的方法。 但是我们已经在遭受信心危机了。当政府计划的高额代价被公众发现时，信心将进一步被打击。到那时候，重建有活力的金融业和复苏经济的任务将会更加艰难。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[</p>
<p>作者：Joseph Stiglitz（Mark Thoma发布于Economist&#8217;s View）    <br />译者：nelson     <br />链接：<a title="http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2009/04/stiglitz-obamas-ersatz-capitalism.html" href="http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2009/04/stiglitz-obamas-ersatz-capitalism.html">http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2009/04/stiglitz-obamas-ersatz-capitalism.html</a></p>
<p>Joseph Stiglitz并不认同盖特纳的银行拯救方案：</p>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/01/opinion/01stiglitz.html">纽约时报上约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨的评论：《Obama的伪资本主义（Ersatz Capitalism）》</a>：奥巴马政府用于解决美国问题银行的五千亿美元……的前提是市场决定银行“有毒资产”的价格。然而实际上市场不会去决定这些有毒资产本身的价格，而会决定期权的价格。</p>
<p>这两者之间没什么关系。从实际效果角度来讲，政府的计划实际上要保证几乎所有损失。这和一个买期权完全一样。</p>
<p>根据财政部长蒂莫西·盖特纳的计划，政府将会提供购买那些资产的92%的资金，但只接收50%的收益，并吸收几乎所有的损失。多棒的合作！……</p>
<p>但美国人可能要损失更多……原因就是所谓的逆向选择（adverse selection）效应。银行从而选择那些他们希望卖的贷款和证券。他们想卖最差的那些资产，尤其是那些……市场……愿意付很多钱买的资产。但市场有可能发现它，从而降低它的价格……只有政府承担足够多的损失才可以克服这种“逆向选择”效应。</p>
<p>最大的问题不是偿债能力不足。……真正的问题是银行做了不良贷款……他们损失了他们的资本，而这些资本必须被替换。</p>
<p>支付这些资产的公平市场价值（fair market value）并不会奏效。只有超额支付才能使银行获得足够的资本。但是超额支付直接就会造成政府的损失。换句话说，只有纳税人损失，盖特纳计划才可以发挥作用。</p>
<p>有些美国人担心政府也许会临时“国有化”这些银行……然而奥巴马政府正在做的可比国有化糟糕多了：这是伪资本主义，即利润私有化而损失社会化[收益由某些人获取而损失却由社会共同承担]。这种所谓的“合作”里面实际上是一方在抢劫另外一方。……</p>
<p>那么这种计划吸引人的地方在哪呢？也许是因为它是华尔街钟意的那种鲁布·戈德堡机器[以复杂方法完成一些简单低级工作的精密机械]——精妙、复杂而且不透明，把无数财富转移到金融市场上。它使政府无须再回到国会讨要修整银行的资金，而且它还给出了一个避免国有化的方法。</p>
<p>但是我们已经在遭受信心危机了。当政府计划的高额代价被公众发现时，信心将进一步被打击。到那时候，重建有活力的金融业和复苏经济的任务将会更加艰难。</p>
</blockquote>
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		<title>读懂雷曼和AIG</title>
		<link>http://nelsonz.info/2009/03/23/%e8%af%bb%e6%87%82%e9%9b%b7%e6%9b%bc%e5%92%8caig/</link>
		<comments>http://nelsonz.info/2009/03/23/%e8%af%bb%e6%87%82%e9%9b%b7%e6%9b%bc%e5%92%8caig/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2009 12:35:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>nelson</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[翻译]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[经济]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://zhaonc.yo2.cn/articles/%e8%af%bb%e6%87%82%e9%9b%b7%e6%9b%bc%e5%92%8caig.html</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[作者：Barry Ritholtz 译者：nelson 链接：http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2009/03/understanding-lehman-aig/ 让雷曼兄弟破产的这个决定被很多人严厉地批评，说它使AIG付出了惨重代价。这其实是个错误的结论，是一种典型的混淆因果关系与相关性的错误。如果更准确地来说，应该是那些使雷曼破产的因素也将AIG推到了悬崖边缘。 事情的一开始是，利率非常地低，使得每个人都认为他们该有一套房子了（而且是更大的，更好的房子）。这当中也包括了众多其实无力支付的人们。于是这些人从一种新的出借人那里申请抵押，而这种出借人的运作很少受到规章的管制，甚至根本没有受到监督。由于他们独特的商业模式，这些出借人能够把钱借给那些高信用风险、低收入、无剩余资产的人们。他们可以忽略传统的贷款标准，因为他们根本没准备长时间持有这些抵押贷款；他们可以专门从事高回报的次级贷款因为他们正是“借贷证券化”（”lend-to-securitize”）的始作俑者。他们创造出高风险的贷款，然后把它们丢给华尔街，后者又把他们重新包装成复杂的按揭证券。这些投资银行只拥有很少的资本，用了太多的杠杆，但这并没有让它们停止互相购买大量的这种证券。这其实也没什么关系，因为它被S&#38;P和Moody&#8217;s定为了AAA级，所以也没什么可担心的。然而这些交易背后潜在的前提就是美国的房价永不下跌。噢，而且在这一系列事件发生的同时，占主导地位的政治思想是，它不可能出问题……你应该明白的，自我调节的市场是会留意到这些的。 还有什么糟糕的会出现么？<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>作者：Barry Ritholtz<br />
译者：nelson<br />
链接：<a title="http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2009/03/understanding-lehman-aig/" href="http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2009/03/understanding-lehman-aig/">http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/2009/03/understanding-lehman-aig/</a></p>
<p><img style="margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px" src="http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/0470520388.jpg" alt="" align="left" /> 让雷曼兄弟破产的这个决定被很多人严厉地批评，说它使AIG付出了惨重代价。这其实是个错误的结论，是一种典型的混淆因果关系与相关性的错误。如果更准确地来说，应该是那些使雷曼破产的因素也将AIG推到了悬崖边缘。</p>
<p>事情的一开始是，利率非常地低，使得每个人都认为他们该有一套房子了（而且是更大的，更好的房子）。这当中也包括了众多其实无力支付的人们。于是这些人从一种新的出借人那里申请抵押，而这种出借人的运作很少受到规章的管制，甚至根本没有受到监督。由于他们独特的商业模式，这些出借人能够把钱借给那些高信用风险、低收入、无剩余资产的人们。他们可以忽略传统的贷款标准，因为他们根本没准备长时间持有这些抵押贷款；他们可以专门从事高回报的次级贷款因为他们正是“借贷证券化”（”lend-to-securitize”）的始作俑者。他们创造出高风险的贷款，然后把它们丢给华尔街，后者又把他们重新包装成复杂的按揭证券。这些投资银行只拥有很少的资本，用了太多的杠杆，但这并没有让它们停止互相购买大量的这种证券。这其实也没什么关系，因为它被S&amp;P和Moody&#8217;s定为了AAA级，所以也没什么可担心的。然而这些交易背后潜在的前提就是美国的房价永不下跌。噢，而且在这一系列事件发生的同时，占主导地位的政治思想是，它不可能出问题……你应该明白的，自我调节的市场是会留意到这些的。</p>
<p><em>还有什么糟糕的会出现么？</em></p>
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